Greatly Enhanced Arsenic Shoot Assimilation in Rice Leads to Elevated Grain Levels Compared to Wheat and Barley

摘要

Paired grain, shoot, and soil of 173 individual sample sets of commercially farmed temperate rice, wheat, and\udbarley were surveyed to investigate variation in the assimilation and translocation of arsenic (As). Rice samples were obtained from the Carmargue (France), Don˜ ana (Spain), Cadiz (Spain), California, and Arkansas. Wheat\udand barley were collected from Cornwall and Devon (England)\udand the east coast of Scotland. Transfer of As from soil\udto grain was an order of magnitude greater in rice than for wheat and barley, despite lower rates of shoot-to-grain transfer. Rice grain As levels over 0.60 µg g-1 d. wt were found in rice grown in paddy soil of around only 10 µg\udg-1 As, showing that As in paddy soils is problematic with respect to grain As levels. This is due to the high shoot/ soil ratio of ∼0.8 for rice compared to 0.2 and 0.1 for barley and wheat, respectively. The differences in these transfer ratios are probably due to differences in As speciation\udand dynamics in anaerobic rice soils compared to aerobic soils for barley and wheat. In rice, the export of As from the shoot to the grain appears to be under tight physiological control as the grain/shoot ratio decreases by more than\udan order of magnitude (from ∼0.3 to 0.003 mg/kg) and as As levels in the shoots increase from 1 to 20 mg/kg. A\uddown regulation of shoot-to-grain export may occur in wheat and barley, but it was not detected at the shoot As levels found in this survey. Some agricultural soils in southwestern England had levels in excess of 200 µg g-1 d. wt, although the grain levels for wheat and barley\udnever breached 0.55 µg g-1 d. wt. These grain levels were achieved in rice in soils with an order of magnitude\udlower As. Thus the risk posed by As in the human food- chain needs to be considered in the context of anaerobic verses aerobic ecosystems